Obstruction of Justice
Where things stand
The Mueller report detailed numerous episodes in which Trump may have obstructed justice, including his suggestion that former FBI director James Comey drop an investigation of Michael Flynn, his short-lived national security advisor, his subsequent firing of Comey, his efforts to fire the special counsel himself, and his many public comments exhorting witnesses not to cooperate. But the Mueller team stopped short of recommending criminal charges, citing in its report the Justice Department’s official position that a sitting president cannot be indicted. Trump has denied obstructing justice, calling the whole Mueller investigation a “hoax.”
If Trump loses
The prohibition against indicting the president would no longer apply, and a Biden Justice Department would theoretically be free to revive the obstruction investigation and bring charges against Trump. But prosecuting a former president would cause a political uproar. Trump has also suggested he could pardon himself, an act that would likely result in years of additional litigation. Even if federal prosecutors decided to proceed, they would face practical hurdles. Andrew Weissmann, one of the lead prosecutors on Mueller’s team, says the probe’s final report laid out “sufficient proof” that
Trump obstructed justice. But he acknowledges a new attorney general would likely want more. “You could imagine someone saying: ‘Is there more grand jury work to do? Do we want to lock people in so that we know exactly what they would say, and we’d know what we’d go to a jury with?’”
Campaign Finance Violations
Where things stand
Trump’s longtime personal lawyer and fixer Michael Cohen was
sentenced to more than three years in prison in 2018 after pleading guilty to campaign finance violations. He made hush-money payments just before the 2016 election to adult-film actress Stormy Daniels, who claims she had a sexual affair with Trump. Cohen said Trump, identified in case filings as “Individual 1,” directed the payments, which prosecutors said constituted an illegal campaign contribution. National Enquirer publisher American Media Inc. and David Pecker, its chairman at the time, also admitted working with Cohen and the Trump campaign to kill damaging stories about the candidate,
entering into a non-prosecution agreement with the government in 2018. Trump wasn't charged, and he's denied violating any campaign finance laws.
If Trump loses
Although federal prosecutors never explained why they didn’t charge Trump with the same crime as Cohen, it’s likely the Justice Department’s policy against prosecuting a sitting president was a factor. That obstacle would be removed under a President Biden, but the same political considerations that complicate an obstruction-of-justice case would apply. Harry Sandick, a former federal prosecutor in New York, says the government would also have to take a hard look at the witnesses on whom it would be relying. “If you were the government, would you consider Michael Cohen to be a sufficiently credible witness to build a case around?” Sandick asks. “That’s always been a concern.”
Federal Tax Charges
Where things stand
The New York Times on Sept. 27 blew the lid off one of Trump’s most fiercely guarded secrets: his taxes. In a lengthy investigative report based on two decades of tax data, the newspaper revealed that Trump claimed staggering losses that allowed him to pay only
$750 in income taxes in 2016 and that the audit he’s long acknowledged relates to a $73 million tax refund he claimed. Several of the president’s deductions raised eyebrows among tax experts, who said they could form the basis of a tax fraud prosecution. These include a
$70,000 deduction for Trump’s hairstyling while he was on The Apprentice and write-offs of some $26 million in vague “consulting fees,” nearly $750,000 of which appears to have gone to Trump’s daughter Ivanka while she was a full-time executive of his company. Trump has called the Times report “fake news” but has also accused the newspaper of illegally obtaining his tax records.
If Trump loses
Any criminal charges based on the president’s taxes would depend on whether prosecutors could show that he deliberately set out to defraud the government. That would be tough to prove. “They’d need to have memos in the files or email showing that,” says former Internal Revenue Service auditor Michael Sullivan. “The reality is I don’t know if you can show that.” Even if he doesn’t face criminal charges, Trump could be sued by the IRS over any taxes it believes he owes. But Mark Cook, a partner at the accounting firm SingerLewak, says he thinks the $70,000 hairstyling deduction is probably too small to interest the agency.
New York State Tax Charges
Where things stand
Trump fought Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance’s grand jury subpoena seeking eight years of his taxes and financial records all the way to the Supreme Court, which in July rejected Trump’s claim of absolute immunity from state criminal investigations. Trump has continued to fight the subpoenas on other grounds, but now the spotlight is shifting to what Vance is actually investigating. At first, the district attorney said he was examining whether Trump’s company tried to conceal the Stormy Daniels payment, but his office recently suggested it was conducting a
broader probe of possible bank or tax fraud.
If Trump loses
This investigation would likely gain momentum, with Vance finding it easier to obtain crucial documents from third parties and arrange depositions of people in Trump’s orbit, or even the president himself. “My guess is there’d be more information than they could possibly handle,” says John Moscow, a former senior prosecutor in the DA’s office. Would that result in a prosecution? Trump’s pardon power doesn’t apply to state cases, and Vance, who’s running for reelection next year in a county where Trump barely won 10% of the vote in 2016, may have different political calculations than a Biden Justice Department. But many people have a hard time envisioning it happening. Moscow points out that seating an impartial jury could be tough. “If you find a juror who has never heard of Donald Trump, that’s probably not a great juror,” he says.
Real-Estate Fraud
Where things stand
New York Attorney General Letitia James is investigating whether the Trump family’s real-estate company falsely reported property values to secure loans or tax benefits. Her office this month
deposed Trump’s son Eric, an executive vice president at the Trump Organization. Right now it’s a civil matter, meaning any penalties would be mainly economic. But that could change if James thinks there is evidence of criminal misconduct. Eric Trump has called the investigation politically motivated and said it represents “the highest level of prosecutorial misconduct.”
If Trump loses
Trump has long been able to argue that he’s too busy as president to deal with lawsuits, and courts have generally given him broad deference as head of the federal government’s executive branch. He would not get that deference as a former president and could be forced to sit for a deposition. Like Vance, James would probably find it easier to get information or cooperation from others. “The hesitation on the part of third parties who are the holders of potentially very incriminating information will evaporate once he’s no longer president,” Tribe says.
The Emoluments Cases
Where things stand
Allegations that Trump uses the presidency for personal profit have been among the most consistent criticisms leveled at him during his time in office. Congressional Democrats and Democratic attorneys general brought
two lawsuits accusing Trump of violating the U.S. Constitution’s so-called Emoluments Clause, which bars the president from receiving gifts or things of value from foreign governments, by accepting the money that representatives of Saudi Arabia and other countries have spent at his company’s Washington hotel, in particular. A third emoluments case was brought by a watchdog group. The Trump administration has mainly challenged the rights of the parties to bring emoluments claims, winning dismissal of the congressional suit. No court has ruled on the issue of whether the president has in fact violated the clause. Trump has called the Emoluments Clause “phony” and suggested other presidents made money on the side.
If Trump loses
Trump will probably not have to worry about these cases. The goal of the suits was to force him to fully divest himself from his businesses while in office. But that will no longer be a relevant concern if Trump loses in November, and violations of the emoluments clauses do not carry any other financial penalties. “There’s no longer any remedy that could be issued,” Tribe says. “It’s unfortunate but likely that the emoluments cases will be dismissed.”
Congressional Tax and Financial Records Cases
Where things stand
Democrats in Congress are fighting in court to win access to Trump’s financial records. In one lawsuit, the House Ways and Means Committee is calling for the Treasury Department to turn over the
president’s tax returns. That case is pending in federal court in Washington. Two other lawsuits involve Trump’s accountants and bankers. In those cases, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not compel the release of Trump’s financial records, at least for the time being. The cases were sent back to the lower courts to assess whether Congress should narrow the scope of the information it sought. In all three cases, Trump has invoked the powers of the presidency to argue that he should not have to turn over his financial information.
If Trump loses
Before Trump took office, it was widely accepted that congressional tax committees could request any taxpayer’s returns, including the president’s. But Trump' Treasury Secretary, Steve Mnuchin, defied the House Ways and Means Committee, and the administration has continued the fight in court. A Biden administration could put an end to that drama by quickly handing over Trump’s taxes to Congress. How courts would rule on the Democrats’ requests for Trump’s other financial records, which were sent to his bankers and accountants, is harder to predict, though Trump would lose his argument that the litigation interferes with his duties as president. “I don’t know who’s going to win,” said Andy Grewal, an expert on tax law at the University of Iowa. “But it would be odd if Congress could threaten a president by saying the moment you leave office we can subpoena you for anything you have.”
Multi-Level Marketing Fraud Suit
Where things stand
Trump and three of his children were sued for fraud in 2018 over their endorsement on Celebrity Apprentice of ACN Opportunity LLC, a troubled multilevel marketing company that later went bust. The plaintiffs said the Trumps persuaded them to invest hundreds of thousands of dollars in ACN’s desktop video phone service, which was quickly eclipsed with the advent of smartphones. A federal judge in New York rejected the Trumps’ move to force the dispute into private arbitration, but the president and his children are now appealing that ruling. Trump has called the lawsuit politically motivated and argued that he was simply offering his opinion when he endorsed ACN.
If Trump loses
It would become easier for the investors’ lawyers to request documents from Trump or even force him to testify at a potential trial. Judges would be less likely to defer to Trump’s wishes, and Trump would be unable to cite his responsibilities as president as an excuse for not complying.
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